Cheng KC, Beaulieu J, Iquira E, Belzile FJ, Fortin MG, Strцmvik MV.(2008) Effect of transgenes on global gene expression in soybean is within the natural range of variation of conventional cultivars.78 (около 30%) независимых от производителей ГМО исследований:

1. Atkinson, H.J., Johnston, K.A., Robbins, M.,( 2004). Prima facie evidence that a phytocystatin for transgenic plant resistance to nematodes is not a toxic risk in the human diet. J. Nutr. 134, 431434. Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. h.j.atkinson@leeds.ac.uk Supported by The Scottish Executive of Rural Affairs and the Department for International Development of the UK government.
2. Arencibia, A. Gentinetta, E. Cuzzoni, E. Castiglione, S. Kohli, A. Vain, P. Leech, M. Christou, P. Sala, F (1998). Molecular analysis of the genome of transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants produced via particle bombardment or intact cell electroporation. Mol. Breeding 1998, 4, 99109. Dipartimento di Biologia, Universit`a di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italia Centro Ricerche sul Riso. Castello dAgogna, Pavia, Italia; John Innes Centre. Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
3. Aulrich K, Bohme H, Daenicke R, Halle I, Flachowsky G (2001) Genetically modified feeds in animal nutrition 1st communication: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn in poultry, pig and ruminant nutrition. Archives of Animal Nutrition-Archiv fur Tierernahrung 54:183-195 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre Braunschweig (FAL), Germany. karen.aulrich@fal.de
4. Bakan B, Melcion D, Richard-Molard D and Cahagnier B (2002) Fungal growth and Fusarium mycotoxin content in isogenic traditional maize and genetically modified maize grown in France and Spain. J Agric Food Chem 50(4): 728731.
Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Technologie Cerealie`res, Institut National de la Recherche, Agronomique (INRA), Nantes, France
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank M. Taillemite and P-Y. Kergoat from Monsanto, France. We are grateful to RAGT Co. (Rodez, France) for providing maize seeds. We also thank Dr. L. Lesage-Meesen for valuable comments on the manuscript. We finally thank C. Tapp and M. Jamin for reviewing the English . Fungal toxin levels are a key safety issue with grains. Foods contaminated with fumonisin toxin that causes cancer and birth defects have been withdrawn fom the UK food market. GM Bt protected cereal crops have lower fumonisin levels.
5. Batista R, Saibo N, Lourenзo T, Oliveira MM. (2008) Microarray analyses reveal that plant mutagenesis may induce more transcriptomic changes than transgene insertion PNAS March 4, 2008 vol. 105 no. 9 3640-3645 Instituto Nacional de Saъde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal. rita.batista@insa.min-sau>de.pt
6. Baudo MM, Lyons R, Powers S, Pastori GM, Edwards KJ, Holdsworth MJ, Shewry PR. (2006) Transgenesis has less impact on the transcriptome of wheat grain than conventional breeding. Plant Biotechnol J. 2006 Jul;4(4):369-80. Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK. This study is one of several that refute the claim that unintended genetic changes are a particular hazard with GM crops. What the work that provides evidence for is a greater precision of genetic engineering compared to alternative plant breeding procedures.
7. Bцhme H, Rudloff E, Schцne F, Schumann W, Hьther L, Flachowsky G. Arch Anim Nutr. 2007 Aug;61(4):308-16. Nutritional assessment of genetically modified rapeseed synthesizing high amounts of mid-chain fatty acids including production responses of growing-finishing pigs. Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Braunschweig, Germany.
8. Bцhme H, Aulrich K, Daenicke R, Flachowsky G. Genetically modified feeds in animal nutrition. 2nd communication: glufosinate tolerant sugar beets (roots and silage) and maize grains for ruminants and pigs. Arch Tierernahr. 2001;54(3):197-207. Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Braunschweig, Germany. hartwig.boehme@fal.de
9. Brake DG, Thaler R, Evenson DP (2004) Evaluation of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn on mouse testicular development by dual parameter flow cytometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52:2097-2102. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Animal and Range Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007. This research was funded by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Grant SD00891-S and is South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Publication Number 3354 of the journal series.
10. Brake, D.G., Evenson, D.P., 2004. A generational study of glyphosate tolerant soybeans on mouse fetal, postnatal, pubertal and adult testicular development. Food Chem. Toxicol. 42, 2936. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA This research was funded by the Legislature of the State of South Dakota, Agricultural Experiment Station GMO Grant SD00891S. It is South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Publication Number 3334 of the journal series
11. Bub A, Mцseneder J, Wenzel G, Rechkemmer G, Briviba K. (2008) Zeaxanthin is bioavailable from genetically modified zeaxanthin-rich potatoes.Eur J Nutr. 2008 Mar;47(2):99-103. Epub 2008 Mar 4. Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Food, Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. achim.bub@bfel.de Acknowledgments The study was supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF-0312248H). None of the authors had any conflict of interest. This article demonstrates improved human nutrition with GM potatoes. One of the risks postulated to be associated with genetically engineered crops is that they have poorer nutrition. In this case nutrition was improved.
12. Catchpole, Gareth S., Manfred Beckmann, David P. Enot, Madhav Mondhe, Britta Zywicki, Janet Taylor, Nigel Hardy, Aileen Smith, Ross D. King, Douglas B. Kell, Oliver Fiehn and John Draper, (2005 ) ) Hierarchical metabolomics demonstrates substantial compositional similarity between genetically modified and conventional potato crops. Published online before print September 26, 2005, 10.1073/pnas.0503955102 PNAS October 4, 2005 vol. 102 no. 40 14458-14462. Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14424 Golm, Germany; and Institute of Biological Sciences Department of Computer Science, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, United Kingdom. The metabolite analysis and statistical work was funded by the Food Standards Agency (London) as part of its G02006 project. This article is yet another demonstration of the superior precision of genetic engineering. It demonstrated there is less unexpected change to chemical levels in potatoes when genetic engineering issues compared to general breeding combine other methods. In other words genetic engineering is safer because that there is less chance of unintended chemical changes.
13. Chambers, P.A., Duggan, P.S., Heritage, J., Forbes, J.M. (2000). The fate of antibiotic resistance marker genes in transgenic plant feed material fed to chickens. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 49, 161164.
Division of Microbiology, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leeds Institute for Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
Acknowledgements
We thank Novartis, formerly Ciba-Geigy, for providing the genetically modified maize seeds used in this study. This work was funded by a grant from the Food Standards Agency. One of the safety issues brought up against genetically modified crops is that they might spread of antibiotic resistance. This article refutes that safety claim.
14. Chen ZL, Gu H, Li Y, Su Y, Wu P, Jiang Z, Ming X, Tian J, Pan N, Qu LJ. (2003) Safety assessment for genetically modified sweet pepper and tomato. Toxicology. 2003 Jun 30;188(2-3):297-307. The National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. zhchen@pku.edu.cn
15. Cheng KC, Beaulieu J, Iquira E, Belzile FJ, Fortin MG, Strцmvik MV.(2008) Effect of transgenes on global gene expression in soybean is within the natural range of variation of conventional cultivars. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 May 14;56(9):3057-67. Epub 2008 Apr 23. Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quйbec H9X 3V9, Canada. This is one of several papers that provide empirical data demonstrating greater precision of genetic engineering compared to the level of variation generated by conventional breeding. It provides evidence that there is less chance of unexpected changes with transgenic manipulation than is offered by conventional breeding which has the chance of making a lot of random or unanticipated genetic change.
16. Chowdury, E.H., Kuribara, H., Hino, A., Sultana, P., Mikami, O., Shimada, N., Guruge, K.S., Saito, M.,Nakayima, Y. (2003). Detection of corn intrinsic and DNA fragments and Cry1Ab protein in the gastrointestinal contents of pigs fed genetically modified corn Bt11. J. Anim. Sci. 81, 25462551.http://jas.fass.org/cgi/c>ontentfull/81/10/2546
*National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan; and National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan. 1 This study was partly supported by the Research project system for urgent administrative requests by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and a STA fellowship by Japan International Science and Technology Corporation. The authors wish to thank H. Murata, Safety Evaluation Laboratory, NIAH, Tsukuba, Japan for his valuable suggestions and to K. Miyamoto, National Institute of Agrobiological Science, Tsukuba, Japan, for his providing anti Cry1Ab rabbit serum. One of the worries about transgenic crops is the supposition that the DNA movement is a safety risk. Irrespective of the merits of that concern, this article addresses whether such movement takes place.
17. Chowdhury EH, Mikami O, Murata H, Sultana P, Shimada N, Yoshioka M, Guruge KS, Yamamoto S, Miyazaki S, Yamanaka N, Nakajima Y (2004) Fate of maize intrinsic and recombinant genes in calves fed genetically modified maize Bt11. Journal of Food Protection 67:365-370 Department of Safety Research, National Institute of Animal Health, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856 Japan. This is another paper addressing concerns many people have about genes moving from transgenic into other locations. It is one of the common safety concerns about crops containing the new DNA.
18. Chowdhury EH, Shimada N, Murata H, Mikami O, Sultana P, Miyazaki S, Yoshioka M, Yamanaka N, Hirai N, Nakajima Y.(2003). Detection of Cry1Ab protein in gastrointestinal contents but not visceral organs of genetically modified Bt11-fed calves. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2003 Mar;45(2):72-5. Department of Safety Research, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, 305-0856, Japan . One of the factors believed to affect allergenicity of proteins is the degree to which it is digested rapidly when eaten. This paper addresses aspects of allergen risks from that perspective.
19. Chrenkova M, Sommer A, Ceresnakova Z, Nitrayova S, Prostredna M (2002) Nutritional evaluation of genetically modified maize corn performed on rats. Archives of Animal Nutrition-Archiv fur Tierernahrung 56:229-235 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Research Institute of Animal Production, Hlohovskб 2, 949 92 Nitra, Slovak Republic. chrenko@vuzv.sk
20. Cleveland, Thomas E, Patrick F Dowd, Anne E Desjardins, Deepak Bhatnagar, Peter J Cotty (2003). United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service research on pre-harvest prevention of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in US crops, Pest Management Science Volume 59, Issue 6-7 , Pages 629 - 642
1 US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA 2 National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA . Mouldy grains is one of the major hazards of cereal foods. It is a real safety issue particularly to people in Central America, Africa, and northern China who rely on maize for their staple food. There is ample proof that maize mould toxins or mycotoxins such as fumonisin harm people. In this case the main risk is using non-genetically modified maize instead of BT insect protected maize. Insect damage makes corn more susceptible to mouldyness and increased toxin content.
21. Daenicke R, Aulrich K, Flachowsky G. (1999). GMO in animal feedstuffs: nutritional properties of Bt-maize... Mais: Fachzeitschrift uber Forschung, Produktionstechnik, Verwertung und Okonomik 135-137 Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre Braunschweig (FAL), Germany.
22. Defernez M, Gunning YM, Parr AJ, Shepherd LV, Davies HV, Colquhoun IJ. (2004) J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Oct 6;52(20):6075-85. NMR and HPLC-UV profiling of potatoes with genetic modifications to metabolic pathways. Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom. ( UK Food Safety Authourity Program G02006)
23. Di Carli M, Villani ME, Renzone G, Nardi L, Pasquo A, Franconi R, Scaloni A,
Benvenuto E, Desiderio A. (2008). Leaf Proteome Analysis of Transgenic Plants Expressing Antiviral Antibodies. J Proteome Res. 2008 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print] Sezione Genetica e Genomica Vegetale, Dipartimento BAS-BIOTEC, ENEA Casaccia,
Rome, Italy, and Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National
Research Council, Naples, Italy. Systematic analysis of protein profiles to indentify any unexpected changes.
24. Dowd, Patrick F (2000). Indirect Reduction of Ear Molds and Associated Mycotoxins in Bacillus thuringiensis Corn Under Controlled and Open Field Conditions: Utility and Limitations, Journal of Economic Entomology Volume 93, Issue 6 (December 2000) pp. 16691679 Bioactive Agents Research Unit, USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604 Acknowledgments:
I thank D. A Dornbos, Jr., D. A. Kendra, and G. W. Warren (Novartis Seeds) for providing seed and paying for some of the mycotoxin analysis; C. M. Anderson and D.B.C. Hansen for technical assistance; F. W. Simmons and R. Stahl for assistance with plantings at Kilbourne, IL; M. R. McGuire for providing O. nubilalis, S. W. Peterson, and G. A. Bennett for providing fungal isolates; T. C. Nelsen (Midwest Area biometrician) for suggestions on statistical analyses, and R. L. Hellmich II, G. P. Munkvold, and G. W. Windham for comments on prior versions of the manuscript. This provides field evidence for the greater safety of genetically modified insect protected maize compared to conventional varieties. The risks that are avoided are spina bifida birth defects and cancer. Risks of spina bifida and cancer are a genuine safety issue.
25. Dowd PF (2001) Biotic and abiotic factors limiting efficacy of Bt corn in indirectly reducing mycotoxin levels in commercial fields. J Econ Ent 94(5): 10671074.
Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDAРARS, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604
Acknowledgments: I thank D. Duval and D. Showalter for permission to sample their fields, R. Stahl for assisting with planting at
Kilbourne, IL, F. W. Simmons for coordinating work at Kilbourne IL, D. A. Kendra, Novartis (now Syngenta Seeds), for funding some mycotoxin analyses, and R. L. Hellmich and G. L. Windham for comments on early drafts of this manuscript. More published information on the greater safety of genetically modified insect protected maize compared to conventional varieties of maize. Particular interest to people in developing countries who rely on maize for their staple diet.
26. Dubouzet JG, Ishihara A, Matsuda F, Miyagawa H, Iwata H, Wakasa K.(2007) Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of high-tryptophan rice expressing a mutant anthranilate synthase alpha subunit. J Exp Bot. 2007;58(12):3309-21. Epub 2007 Sep 4. CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan. This article provides further evidence for the greater precision of transgenic manipulation compared to conventional breeding or mutational breeding using radiation. The paper directly measures the amount of unexpected change detected in different varieties
27. Duggan, P.S., Chambers, P.A., Heritage, J., Forbes, J.M. (2002). Survival of free DNA encoding antibiotic resistance from transgenic maize and the transformation activity of DNA in ovine saliva, ovine rumen fluid and silage effluent. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 191, 7177.
Division of Microbiology, School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK. Again, one of the risks claimed to be associated with genetically modified food is the increasing antibiotic resistance of organisms in the gut. This paper examines that issue of food safety
28. Enot DP Manfred Beckmann, David Overy, and John Draper (2006) Predicting interpretability of metabolome models based on behavior, putative identity, and biological relevance of explanatory signals PNAS October 3, 2006 vol. 103(40): 1486514870
Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, United Kingdom. How to work out whether plants have substantially equivalent metabolite content, including an analysis of transgenic potatoes.
29. Ewen SWB, Pusztai A (1999). Effect of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine. Lancet 354:1353-1354
This study was supported by Scottish Office: Agriculture, Environment,
and Fishery Department (grant number FF 818). Many safety related claims have been made about this paper best the best that can be said is that it is inconclusive. A companion paper in the same Journal by Kuiper and others ( listed here) explained that the problems with this study. But it was the cause of great controversy about the disputed safety of genetically modified food. The different varieties per potato went through in vitro culture, meaning they could have suffered mutations which occur at a relatively high frequency is that technique is not carried out in an optimum fashion.
30. Finamore A, Roselli M, Britti S, Monastra G, Ambra R, Turrini A, Mengheri E.(2008) Intestinal and Peripheral Immune Response to MON810 Maize Ingestion in Weaning and Old Mice.
J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Nov 14. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19007233 INRAN, Italian Government funded.
31. Flachowsky G, Halle I, Aulrich K Long term feeding of Bt-corn--a ten-generation study with quails. Arch Anim Nutr. 2005 Dec;59(6):449-51. Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre, Braunschweig, Germany. gerhard.flachowsky@fal.de also see (REVIEW) Flachowsky G, Chesson A, Aulrich K. Animal nutrition with feeds from genetically modified plants. Arch Anim Nutr. 2005 Feb;59(1):1-40. Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Braunschweig, Germany. gerhard.flachowsky@fal.de
32. Gregersen PL, Brinch-Pedersen H, Holm PB.(2005) A microarray-based comparative analysis of gene expression profiles during grain development in transgenic and wild type wheat. Transgenic Res. 2005 Dec;14(6):887-905. Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, Slagelse, Denmark. Yet another paper demonstrating the greater precision of transgenic genetic engineering compared to conventional techniques such as crossbreeding or radiation treatment. It relates to the risk of unexpected genetic changes occurring in a crop variety. Unexpected alterations to genetically engineered crops are one of the most widely discussed issues to do with GM crop safety
33. Gizzarelli F, Corinti S, Barletta B, Iacovacci P, Brunetto B, Butteroni C, Afferni C, Onori R, Miraglia M, Panzini G, Di Felice G, Tinghino R. (2006) Evaluation of allergenicity of genetically modified soybean protein extract in a murine model of oral allergen-specific sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006 Feb;36(2):238-48.
Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto
Superiore di Sanitа, Rome, Italy. 1 Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanitа, Rome, Italy 2 National Center for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, Istituto Superiore di Sanitа, Rome, Italy 3 Service for Biotechnology and Animal Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanitа, Rome, Italy This work was supported in part by grant n. 0AC/F8 from the Italian Ministry of Health.
34. Halle, I., K. Aulrich and G. Flachowsky. 2004. Four generations of feeding of GMO-corn to breeder quail. (Fьtterung von gentechnisch verдndertem Mais an Zuchtwachtein ьber vier Generationen). Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol. 13:124. Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Braunschweig, Germany.
35. Jenkins Helen, Nigel Hardy, Manfred Beckmann, John Draper, Aileen R. Smith, Janet Taylor, Oliver Fiehn, Royston Goodacre, Raoul J. Bino, Robert Hall, Joachim Kopka, Geoffrey A. Lane, B. Markus Lange, Jang R. Liu, Pedro Mendes, Basil J. Nikolau, Stephen G. Oliver, Norman W. Paton, Sue Rhee, Ute Roessner-Tunali, Kazuki Saito, Jшrn Smedsgaard, Lloyd W. Sumner, Trevor Wang, Sean Walsh, Eve Syrkin Wurtele, Douglas B. Kell.(2004) A proposed framework for the description of plant metabolomics experiments and their results. Nature Biotechnology 22, 1601-1606. Under UK Food Safety Authority G02006: Metabolome technology for the profiling of GM and conventionally bred plant materials
36. Jia, Shirong, Feng Wang Lei Shi Qianhua Yuan Wuge Liu Yilong Liao Shuguang Li Wujun Jin Huipu Peng (2007) Transgene flow to hybrid rice and its male-sterile lines Transgenic Res (2007) 16:491501 Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
37. Klc A, Akay M T (2008) A three generation study with genetically modified Bt corn in rats: Biochemical and histopathological investigation Food and Chemical Toxicology 46 (2008) 11641170 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus, Ankara, Turkiye. aykilic@hacettepe.edu.tr
38. Kleter,Gijs A., Ad A. C. M. Peijnenburg, and Henk J. M. Aarts (2005) Health considerations regarding horizontal transfer of microbial transgenes present in genetically. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2005:4 (2005) 326352 DOI: 10.1155/JBB.2005.326
modified crops RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Center, PO Box 230, 6700AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
39. Kleter GA, Bhula R, Bodnaruk K, Carazo E, Felsot AS, Harris CA, Katayama A,
Kuiper HA, Racke KD, Rubin B, Shevah Y, Stephenson GR, Tanaka K, Unsworth J,
Wauchope RD, Wong SS (2007). Altered pesticide use on transgenic crops and the associated general impact from an environmental perspective. Pest Manag Sci. 2007 Nov;63(11):1107-15. RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Holland. Pesticide contamination is one of the major concerns associated with genetically engineered crops. The possible levels of contaminant pesticides is a safety issue. This paper addresses the potential hazards of increased pesticide levels in genetically modified crops.
40. Kleter GA, Peijnenburg AA (2002). Screening of transgenic proteins expressed in transgenic food crops for the presence of short amino acid sequences identical to potential, IgE - binding linear epitopes of allergens.BMC Struct Biol. 2002 Dec 12;2:8. Epub 2002 Dec 12.
RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen, The Netherlands. This is a study assessing allergen risks in transgenic crops. A word of caution: the criteria used are very outdated and very misleading, and the science of allergen assessment has improved enormously since this was published. The reasoning in this paper is considered to be fallacious.
41. Ku i p e r, H a rry A, Hub P J M Noteborn , and A C M P e i j n e n b u r g (1999) Adequacy of methods for testing the safety of genetically modified foods. Lancet 354:1315-6
R I K I LT (National Institute for Quality Control of Agricultural Products),
Wageningen University and Research Centre, W a g e n i n g e n , NL-6700 AE,
N e t h e rl a n d s . This paper explains what Arpad Pusztai did wrong in his potato study cited earlier . It is hardly ever cited by those who don't like genetically engineered crops.
42. Le Gall, Gwйnaлlle, M. Susan DuPont, Fred A. Mellon, Adrienne L. Davis, Geoff J. Collins, Martine E. Verhoeyen, and Ian J. Colquhoun (2003) Characterization and Content of Flavonoid Glycosides in Genetically Modified Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Fruits J. Agric. Food Chem., 51 (9), 2438 -2446, 2003. 10.1021/jf025995e S0021-8561(02)05995-2 Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom. Unintended changes in phytotoxins and oestrogens are a safety issue has been raised against genetically engineered crops. This paper addresses that issue with data.
43. Le Gall G, Colquhoun IJ, Davis AL, Collins GJ, Verhoeyen ME (2003) Metabolite profiling of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) using 1H NMR spectroscopy as a tool to detect potential unintended effects following a genetic modification. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Apr 23;51(9):2447-56. Erratum in: J Agric Food Chem. 2004 May 19;52(10):3210. Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom. One of the emerging techniques for safety assessments is called metabolic profiling and that is illustrated in this paper. This technique can address the issue of under anticipated changes that may occur during plant breeding by comprehensive measurement of the full profile of metabolites present in the crop.
44. Lehesranta,Satu J., Howard V. Davies, Louise V.T. Shepherd, Naoise Nunan, Jim W. McNicol, Seppo Auriola, Kaisa M. Koistinen, Soile Suomalainen, Harri I. Kokko and Sirpa O. Kдrenlampi* (2005) Comparison of Tuber Proteomes of Potato Varieties, Landraces, and Geneticallyn Modified Lines First published online June 10, 2005; 10.1104/pp.105.060152 Plant Physiology, July 2005, Vol. 138, pp. 1690-1699. Institute of Applied Biotechnology , University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. Yet again more evidence of the greater precision of genetic genetic engineering compare it to other techniques used in plant breeding. Precision of genetic engineering is important in ensuring that unexpected changes do not occur. Greater precision is an assurance of greater safety because it means that unexpected hazardous events have less chance of happening
45. Li X, Huang K, He X, Zhu B, Liang Z, Li H, Luo Y.(2007) Comparison of nutritional quality between Chinese indica rice with sck and cry1Ac genes and its nontransgenic counterpart.J Food Sci. 2007 Aug;72(6):S420-4. College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
46. Malatesta M, Boraldi F, Annovi G, Baldelli B, Battistelli S, Biggiogera M, Quaglino D.(2008) Histochem Cell Biol. 2008 Jul 22. [Epub ahead of print] A long-term study on female mice fed on a genetically modified soybean: effects on liver ageing.
Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Anatomia e Istologia, University of Verona, strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy, The major defect in the study is failure to analyse the composition of the two different soybean strains used in the study. Soybeans are known to produce potent oestrogen compounds, and variability in the levels of these phytochemicals causes differences in rodent behaviour. Malatesta has carried out a whole series of studies that suffer from the same defect, but they been published in journals in which that kind of expertise is unfortunately absent from the editorial board. Malatesta should have read :
Brown NM and Setchell KDR (2001). Animal models impacted by phytoestrogens in commercial chow: implications for pathways influenced by hormones. Laboratory Investigation 81:735747. "All investigators should be vigilant to the phytoestrogen composition of commercial rodent diets because there is a history of potent biological effects in larger animals and humans from high circulating isoflavone concentrations"
Thigpen JE and others (2004). Selecting the appropriate rodent diet for endocrine disruptor research and testing studies. ILAR Journal. 45:401-416. Rodent diets differ significantly in estrogen activity primarily due to large variations in phytoestrogen content.These estrogens can profoundly influence rodent physiology. .
47. Malatesta M, Tiberi C, Baldelli B, Battistelli S, Manuali E, Biggiogera M.(2005) Eur J Histochem. 2005 Jul-Sep;49(3):237-42. Reversibility of hepatocyte nuclear modifications in mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Istituto di Istologia e Analisi di Laboratorio, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Zeppi s.n., 61029 Urbino, Italy. A much quoted but flawed safety study. It ignores the chemical variations between different varieties of soybeans that are known to influence rodent physiology. See comments about Malatesta 2008.
48. Momma K, Hashimoto W, Yoon HJ, Ozawa S, Fukuda Y, Kawai S, Takaiwa F, Utsumi S, Murata K (2000) Safety assessment of rice genetically modified with soybean glycinin by feeding studies on rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 64:1881-6. Research Institute for Food Science, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan. momma@food2.food.kyoto-u.>ac.jp
49. Peterson, Robert K.D. and Leslie M. Shama (2005)
A Comparative Risk Assessment of Genetically Engineered, Mutagenic, and Conventional Wheat Production Systems Transgenic Research 14 (6) p859-875
Agricultural and Biological Risk Assessment, Montana State University, 334 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59717-3120, USA
This study was funded solely by a USDA Special Research Grant to the Institute for Biobased Products and by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Montana State University
50. Phipps RH, Deaville ER, Maddison BC (2003) Detection of transgenic and endogenous plant DNA in rumen fluid, duodenal digesta, milk, blood, and feces of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 86:4070-4078 The University of Reading RG6 6AR, U.K. ADAS Nutritional Sciences Research Unit, Stratford-on-Avon CV37 9RQ, U.K.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank the U.K. Food Standards Agency for funding the project and Monsanto Co. (St. Louis, MO) for providing free of charge the non-GM and GM soybean meal and ground maize and the provision of information concerning certain specific primers for the PCR analyses. More analysis of the possible risks from DNA movement from transgenic food. An incredibly overhyped safety issue that this paper addresses it.
51. Ramessar, Koreen, Ariadna Peremarti Sonia Gomez-Galera Shaista Naqvi Marian Moralejo Pilar Munoz Teresa Capell Paul Christou (2007) Biosafety and risk assessment framework for selectable marker genes in transgenic crop plants: a case of the science not supporting the politics, Transgenic Res (2007) 16:261280 Acknowledgements PC is an ICREA research professor at the Universitat de Lleida; TC is a recipient of a RyC fellowship from MEC, Spain; AP and SN are recipients of PhD fellowships from MEC, Spain; SGG is a recipient of a PhD fellowship from the Generalitat de Catalunya. We thank Dr. Hector Quemada for valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript and two anonymous referees for their constructive and insightful comments. This work was funded in part through the EU FP6 Pharma-Planta project.
52. Rhee, G.S., Cho, D.H., Won, Y.H., Seok, J.H., Kim, S.S., Kwack, S.J., Lee, R.D., Chae, S.Y., Kim, J.W., Lee, B.M., Park, K.L., Choi, K.S., 2005. Multigeneration reproductive and developmental toxicity study of bar gene inserted into genetically modified potato on rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 68, 22632276. Department of Toxicology, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul.
53. Knudsen I, Poulsen M. Comparative safety testing of genetically modified foods in a 90-day rat feeding study design allowing the distinction between primary and secondary effects of the new genetic event. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2007 Oct;49(1):53-62. Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 19 Moerkhoej Bygade, DK-2860 Soeborg, Denmark.
54. Li X, Huang K, He X, Zhu B, Liang Z, Li H, Luo Y.(2007) Comparison of nutritional quality between Chinese indica rice with sck and cry1Ac genes and its nontransgenic counterpart.J Food Sci. 2007 Aug;72(6):S420-4. College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
55. Lutz B, Wiedemann S, Einspanier R, Mayer J, Albrecht C (2005) Degradation of Cry1Ab protein from genetically modified maize in the bovine gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53:1453-1456 Physiology Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, D-85350 Freising, Germany; Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, D-14163 Berlin, Germany; and Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Prof.-DuЁrrwaechter-Platz 1, D-85586 Poing, Germany
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank Tamara Stelzl, Inge Celler, Christine Fochtmann, and Robert Gossmann for technical assistance. We are indebted to the staff of the Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture for organization, logistics, and technical assistance during the feeding experiments. This addresses the digestibility of an insect detection protein which is believed to be an indicator of allergenicity risk. Risks of allergenicity are one of the major concerns raised by people who are worried about the safety of genetically engineered food
56. Rang A, Linke B and Jansen B (2005) Detection of RNA variants transcribed from the transgene in Roundup Ready soybean, European Food Research and Technology Volume 220, Numbers 3-4 / March, 2005, pages 438-443 (1) Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Novel Foods and Genetic Engineering, Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany (2) Present address: University Hospital Charitй, Institute of Virology, Schumannstr. 20/21, 10098 Berlin, Germany. One of the risks discussed for example by Jeffrey Smith in his book Genetic Roulette is the hazards from novel RNA is. Again this is one of the most overhyped safety issues but nevertheless is one that is in many people's minds. Perhaps they will be reassured to know that all food contains small RNA molecules that has identical structure to the RNA inside the human body, as reported in another post here.
57. Reuter T, Aulrich K, Berk A, Flachowsky G. Investigations on genetically modified maize (Bt-maize) in pig nutrition: chemical composition and nutritional evaluation. Arch Tierernahr. 2002 Feb;56(1):23-31. Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre Braunschweig (FAL), Braunschweig, Germany. tim.reuter@fal.de
58. Rosati, A, Bogani P (2008) Characterisation of 3' transgene insertion site and derived mRNAs in MON810 YieldGard maize Plant Molecular Biology 67:271281 DOI 10.1007/s11103-008-9315-7
Dipartimento di Biologia animale e Genetica, Universita` degli Studi di Firenze, Via Romana, 17-19, 50125 Firenze, Italy e-mail: patrizia.bogani@unifi.it Acknowledgments We thank Dr. G. Monastra for providing seeds of MON810 and isogenic control maize. This work was supported by a grant from MIPAF (Ministero delle Politiche Agricole, Alimentari e Forestali), Project: OGM in Agricoltura. More analysis of unexpected genetic changes occurring in one transgenic crop relating to concerns about safety.
59. Sakamoto, Y; Tada, Y; Fukumori, N; Tayama, K; Ando, H; Takahashi, H; Kubo, Y; Nagasawa, A; Yano, N; Yuzawa, K; Ogata, A; Kamimura, H (2007) A 52-week feeding study of genetically modified soybeans in F344 rats Journal of the Food Hygeine Society of Japan, 48 (3): 41-50 JUN 2007. Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health. Tokyo, Japan.
60. Sakamoto Y, Tada Y, Fukumori N, Tayama K, Ando H, Takahashi H, Kubo Y, Nagasawa A, Yano N, Yuzawa K, Ogata A.A (2008) 104-week feeding study of genetically modified soybeans in F344 rats. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. 49(4):272-82. Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health. Tokyo, Japan.
61. Shepherd LV, McNicol JW, Razzo R, Taylor MA, Davies HV (2006). Assessing the potential for unintended effects in genetically modified potatoes perturbed in metabolic and developmental processes. Targeted analysis of key nutrients and anti-nutrients. Transgenic Res. 15(4):409-25. Quality, Health and Nutrition Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA, Dundee, Scotland. Aknowledgements. The authors thank Mrs. Fiona Falconer, Mrs. Winifred Stein and Mr. Richard Oparka for technical assistance and both the European Commission (Grant Number QLRT-1999-00765) and the Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department (S.E.E.R.A.D.) for financial support
62. Shimada N, Murata H, Mikami O, Yoshioka M, Guruge KS, Yamanaka N, Nakajima Y,
Miyazaki S.(2006)Effects of feeding calves genetically modified corn bt11: a clinico-biochemical study.J Vet Med Sci. 2006 Oct;68(10):1113-5. Safety Research Team, National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan.
63. Sinagawa-Garcнa SR, Rascуn-Cruz Q, Valdez-Ortiz A, Medina-Godoy S, Escobar-Gutiйrrez A, Paredes-Lуpez O. (2004) Safety assessment by in vitro digestibility and allergenicity of genetically modified maize with an amaranth 11S globulin. J Agric Food Chem. 2004 May 5;52(9):2709-14. Departamento de Biotecnologнa y Bioquнmica, Centro de Investigaciуn y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apdo. Postal 629, 36500 Irapuato, Gto., Mйxico. Allergenicity is one of the issues on the top of people's minds when they worry about food. This paper is about that issue.
64. Schrшder M, Poulsen M, Wilcks A, Kroghsbo S, Miller A, Frenzel T, Danier J, Rychlik M, Emami K, Gatehouse A, Shu Q, Engel KH, Altosaar I, Knudsen I. A 90-day safety study of genetically modified rice expressing Cry1Ab protein (Bacillus thuringiensis toxin) in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007 Mar;45(3):339-49. Epub 2006 Sep 8. Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Mшrkhшj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Sшborg, Denmark.
65. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms [EFSA](Question No EFSA-Q-2008-077) Adopted on 29 October 2008, SCIENTIFIC OPINION Request from the European Commission related to the safeguard clause invoked by France on maize MON810 according to Article 23 of Directive 2001/18/EC and the emergency measure according to Article 34 of Regulation No 1829/2003/EC1. The EFSA Journal (2008) 850, 1-45
66. Shepherd LV, McNicol JW, Razzo R, Taylor MA, Davies HV(2006). Assessing the potential for unintended effects in genetically modified potatoes perturbed in metabolic and developmental processes. Targeted analysis of key nutrients and anti-nutrients.Transgenic Res. 2006 Aug;15(4):409-25.Quality, Health and Nutrition Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA, Dundee, Scotland. Targeted chemical analysis of the known compounds that can have effects such as endocrine disruption or nutritional enhancement is perhaps the most practical and powerful way to assess food safety. The European Food Safety Authority for example highlights the importance of this approach. This is what this paper is about.
67. Sten E, Skov PS, Andersen SB, Torp AM, Olesen A, Bindslev-Jensen U, Poulsen LK, Bindslev-Jensen C. A comparative study of the allergenic potency of wild-type and glyphosate-tolerant gene-modified soybean cultivars.(2004) APMIS. 2004 Jan;112(1):21-8. Allergy Clinic, 7542, National University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ш, Denmark. E.STEN@RH.DK
1 Allergy Clinic, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
2 Department of Agricultural Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark
3 Dept. of Dermatology I, Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, Odense
This study is part of the projects BioRisk, supported by the Danish Medical Research council, and EpiPat, supported by the Danish Ministry of
Food. We thank Monsanto for donating the soybean varieties.
68. Takahashi, H. Hotta, Y. Hayashi, M. Kawai-Yamada, M. Komatsu, S. Uchimiya, H.(2005) High throughput metabolome and proteome analysis of transgenic rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Biotechnol.2005, 22, 4750. University of Tokyo; National Institute of Agrobiological Resources,Tsukuba, Japan. Comprehensive chemical analysis of chemicals and proteins is perhaps the best way it to detect whether unexpected changes are occurring in food. This is what this paper is about comprehensive chemical analysis of rice.
69. Taylor, J., King, R. D., Altmann, T. & Fiehn, O.(2002) Application of metabolomics to plant genotype discrimination using statistics and machine learning. Bioinformatics 18, S241-S248 (2002).UK Food Safety Authority Under G02006: Metabolome technology for the profiling of GM and conventionally bred plant materials
70. Tony MA, Butschke A, Broll H, Grohmann L, Zagon J, Halle I, Dдnicke S, Schauzu M, Hafez HM, Flachowsky G. Safety assessment of Bt 176 maize in broiler nutrition: degradation of maize-DNA and its metabolic fate. Arch Tierernahr. 2003 Aug;57(4):235-52. Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany. m.tony@bfr.bund.de This paper is yet one more assessment of DNA movement from transgenic food based on measurement of DNA fragmentation in the gut and searching for a the DNA fragments go. It addresses one of the several overhyped concerns that are held about genetically modified foods; nevertheless it is an assessment of safety in the context of those concerns.
71. Venneria E, Simone Fanasca, Giovanni Monastra, Enrico Finotti, Roberto Ambra, Elena Azzini, Alessandra Durazzo, Maria Stella Foddai, and Giuseppe Maiani (2008) Assessment of the Nutritional Values of Genetically Modified Wheat, Corn, and Tomato Crops J. Agric. Food Chem., ASAP Article, 10.1021/jf8010992 Web Release Date: September 10, 2008 Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione, 00178 Roma, Italy. This is a systematic study of the compositional changes that may or may not occur in several transgenic crops. It found that there was no significant change when a transgene is introduced into wheat corn and tomato. This is detailed chemical analysis to assure that untoward the unexpected changes have not occurred.
72. Wakasa K, Hasegawa H, Nemoto H, Matsuda F, Miyazawa H, Tozawa Y, Morino K, Komatsu A, Yamada T, Terakawa T, Miyagawa H.(2006) High-level tryptophan accumulation in seeds of transgenic rice and its limited effects on agronomic traits and seed metabolite profile.J Exp Bot. 2006;57(12):3069-78. Epub 2006 Aug 14.Department of Rice Breeding, National Institute of Crop Science, 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan. Again this is another search for unexpected changes by comprehensive analysis. One of many papers providing assurance that the statement that genetic engineering is a precise technique is an objective one based on evidence not theory. Precision means that there is a greater assurance that unexpected genetic or chemical changes did not occur.
73. Weekes, Rebecca, Theodore Allnutt, Caroline Boffey, Sarah Morgan, Mark Bilton, Roger Daniels and Christine Henry (2008) A study of crop-to-crop gene flow using farm scale sites of fodder maize ( Zea mays L.) in the UK Transgenic Res (2007) 16: 203211 DOI 10.1007/s11248-006-9036-0 Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Winfrith Technology Centre, Winfrith Newburgh, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8ZD, UK
Acknowledgements We would like to thank Defra for funding this work (project EPG 1/5/138), also Bayer CropScience for kindly providing the positive control T25 maize seed, Alistair Murray for his invaluable help with the statistics and finally we would like to thank all those involved with sample collection and laboratory work at CEH, IACR, SCRI and CSL.
74. Windels P, Taverniers I, Depicker A, Van Bockstaele E, De Loose M (2001) Characterisation of the Roundup Ready soybean insert Eur Food Res Technol 213:107112 (1) Department for Plant Genetics and Breeding, Centre for Agricultural Research, Caritasstraat 21, 9090 Melle, Belgium (2) Department of Molecular Genetics, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium (3) Department for Plant Production, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium (4) Committee for Research and Services and Arts, Hogeschool Gent, Voskenslaan 270, 9000 Gent, Belgium. One of the concerns about genetically modified crops is that the DNA at the site of transgene insertion may be rearranged. This is a paper that addresses transgene structure near the site of DNA insertion. It is worth noting that is natural mutations caused by mobile gene insertion is cause mutations in field crops such as soybean, and that mutations generated by ionising radiation cause dramatic changes in chromosome structure similar to the ones assessed here. These latter processes are not subject to the same vigourous analysis as transgenic crops. Further study itself provides an example of the greater scrutiny given to genetically engineered crops than conventional varieties, meaning that they have a greater standard of safety assurance.
75. Zhang, Jun, Lin Cai, Jiaqin Cheng, Huizhu Mao, Xiaoping Fan, Zhaohong Meng, Ka Man Chan, Huijun Zhang, Jianfei Qi, Lianghui Ji and Yan Hong (2008) Transgene integration and organization in Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) genome Transgenic Research 17 (2) 293-306 Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604, Singapore
This project was supported by an internal research grant of Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore. Although cotton is a fibre crop it is also a vegetable oil crop. This report provides assurance about unexpected genetic changes associated with transgene insertion into cotton crops.
76. Zhu Y, Li D, Wang F, Yin J, Jin H (2004) Nutritional assessment and fate of DNA of soybean meal from Roundup Ready or conventional soybeans using rats. Archives of Animal Nutrition-Archiv 58, 295310. National Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China. More on the fate of DNA from transgenic food. It seems the studies must be in response to community concerns rather than scientific reality. An amazing number of non-commercial safety studies seem to be preoccupied with the fate of DNA. But that it is a safety issue that is widely discussed in the community most famously by Jeffrey Smith in Genetic Roulette.
77. Zolla L, Rinalducci S, Antonioli P, Righetti PG.(2008) Proteomics as a complementary tool for identifying unintended side effects occurring in transgenic maize seeds as a result of genetic modifications. J Proteome Res. 2008 May;7(5):1850-61. Epub 2008 Apr 5.Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy. Comprehensive chemical analysis can keep track of what happens when a transgenic crop is made particularly unexpected changes. Thus Proteomics is one of the important modern tools for safety assurance with transgenic and other crops. It actually showing that there is a huge amount of unexpected change occurring in almost all varieties of crop. Other people would call that change biodiversity and say it's a good thing.
78. Zywicki Britta , Gareth Catchpole, John Draper, and Oliver Fiehn. Comparison of rapid LC-ESI-MS/MS methods for determination of glycoalkaloids in transgenic field grown potatoes. Analytical Biochemistry (in press Nov. 2004).

САМЫЕ НУЖНЫЕ ПРОГРАММЫ — где найти, скачать (что такое WPI) +

NOKIA 73 (M.E.) Она для меня самая лучщая, вот преимущество.

Журналы Крылова конца XVIII века
Еще один крупный издатель России XVIII века - это Иван Андреевич Крылов, дворянин с хорошим образованием. Молодой человек решился писать. В 20 лет Крылов выпустил в одиночку журнал "Почта духов", который просуществовал всего один год. А странное название связано с интересной историей. У молодого Крылова не было денег, и он сидел в сарае и размышлял о своей жизни.

История развития теории оптимального приема многопозиционных сигналов
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